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Book Chapter

Polish Care Workers’ Discrimination Map Report

  • Agata Ludera-Ruszel
  • Hubert Kotarski

This report describes patterns of discrimination in Poland’s care sector, primarily related to gender and migrant status. It examines the legal and institutional framework, collective agreements, and the persistence of gender stereotypes shaping the sector. It addresses the feminisation of care work, the prevalence of informal employment, and the limited legal protection for migrant workers. It also highlights the weak role of equality bodies and the structural reliance on female labour in the Polish care system.

  • Keywords:
  • Care Workers,
  • Discriminations,
  • Equality bodies,
  • Polish Labour Law,
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Agata Ludera-Ruszel

University of Rzeszow, Poland

Hubert Kotarski

University of Rzeszow, Poland

  1. Beck, Oliwia, Kornelia Kędziora-Kornatowska, and Michał Kornatowski. “Long-term home care in Poland – framework, problems, prospects.” Hygeia Public Health 49, 2 (2014): 193.
  2. European Institute for Equality Between Women and Men. “Gender Equality Index 2020: Digitalization and the future of work.” s. 33 (2020).
  3. Klakla, Jan B., Maryla Koss-Goryszewska, Agnieszka Kulesa, Katarzyna Pająk-Załęska, and Marianna Zarychta. In the Shadows: Ukrainian Domestic Workers in Poland. Warsaw: Care International Poland, 2023.
  4. Levitas, Alexandra. “Understanding health-seeking behaviors and barriers to healthcare access among Ukrainian migrant women working in the domestic sector in Warsaw, Poland (a qualitative study).” CMR Working Papers, Centre of Migration Research 122/180 (2020): 1.
  5. Ludera-Ruszel, Agata. “Zatrudnianie pracowników domowych w Polsce: stan obecny i perspektywy zmian.” Studia z Zakresu Prawa Pracy i Polityki Społecznej 25, 1 (2018): 77.
  6. Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Policy. Sytuacja kobiet i mężczyzn na rynku pracy w 2019r. 9 (2019).
  7. Urząd Statystyczny w Bydgoszczy. Struktura wynagrodzeń według zawodów w październiku 2020 r. / Structure of Wages and Salaries by Occupations in October 2020. Bydgoszcz–Warszawa, 2022. <https://stat.gov.pl/files/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/5474/4/10/1/analiza_statystyczna_struktura_wynagrodzen_wedlug_zawodow_w_pazdzierniku_2020_r.pdf> (Accessed July 10, 2023).
  8. Act of 15 July 2011 on the occupations of nurse and midwife, Journal of Laws from 2022, item 2702.
  9. Act of 1 December 2022 on the paramedic and the professional self-government of paramedic, Journal of Laws from 2022, item 2705.
  10. Act of 15 July 2011 on the occupations of nurse and midwife, Journal of Laws from 2022, item 2702.
  11. Act of 1 December 2022 on the paramedic and the professional self-government of paramedic, Journal of Laws from 2022, item 2705.
  12. Draft of the Act on medical professions, <https://www.sejm.gov.pl/sejm9.nsf/PrzebiegProc.xsp?nr=3183 > (Accessed July 10, 2023).
  13. Draft of the Act on medical professions, <https://www.sejm.gov.pl/sejm9.nsf/PrzebiegProc.xsp?nr=3183 > (Accessed July 10, 2023).
  14. The Regulation of the Minister of Labour and Social Policy of 27 April 2010 on classification and specialties for need in the labour market and scope of its use (Journal of Laws from 2018, item 227).
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  • Publication Year: 2025
  • Pages: 315-342
  • Content License: CC BY 4.0
  • © 2025 Author(s)

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  • Publication Year: 2025
  • Content License: CC BY 4.0
  • © 2025 Author(s)

Chapter Information

Chapter Title

Polish Care Workers’ Discrimination Map Report

Authors

Agata Ludera-Ruszel, Hubert Kotarski

Language

Italian

DOI

10.36253/979-12-215-0896-3.07

Peer Reviewed

Publication Year

2025

Copyright Information

© 2025 Author(s)

Content License

CC BY 4.0

Metadata License

CC0 1.0

Bibliographic Information

Book Title

CARE4CARE - We Care for Those Who Care - Vol. II

Book Subtitle

Discriminations in the Care Sector: National Legal Frameworks and Comparative Insights

Editors

Maria Luisa Vallauri, William Chiaromonte

Peer Reviewed

Number of Pages

456

Publication Year

2025

Copyright Information

© 2025 Author(s)

Content License

CC BY 4.0

Metadata License

CC0 1.0

Publisher Name

Firenze University Press

DOI

10.36253/979-12-215-0896-3

ISBN Print

979-12-215-0895-6

eISBN (pdf)

979-12-215-0896-3

eISBN (epub)

979-12-215-0897-0

Series Title

Studi sul lavoro di cura - Studies on Care Work

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